Main Points
- Why the law is at least superficially compatibilist.
- Why the law is actually incompatibilist, according to Greene and Cohen.
- Why Greene and Cohen think neuroscience will move us towards consequentialism.
- The case of Mr. Puppet.
Greene and Cohen contend that the law is only superficially compatibilist. The law only requires the capacity for rational behavior as a condition of criminal liability. That is compatible with the causal determination of our actions. You can be rational and have your actions causally determined at the same time. So, on the face of it, nothing that we can learn from neuroscience would directly contradict anything that the law says. That is why the title of their article starts with “For the Law, Neuroscience Changes Nothing.”
However, Greene and Cohen argue that we accept this superficially compatibilist rationality condition for incompatibilist reasons. They claim that we think of the reasoning person as a non-physical mind, distinct from the physical brain (the view that mind and brain are distinct entities is called dualism). The reasoning person can be held responsible because it is free from the constraints of physical causation. The brain, by contrast, is subject to causal determination just like every other physical thing.
Neuroscience, according to Greene and Cohen, will undermine this dualist picture of persons by explaining more and more of our behavior as the product of physical causes. As a result, they believe, we will abandon the retributivist parts of our practices of punishment. The retributive ideal is that punishment is reserved for the guilty: those who freely chose to do bad things. Neuroscience, they believe, will show that no one freely chooses anything and so punishment for retributive reasons makes no sense.
In place of retributivism, they believe, we will take up a consequentialist approach to antisocial behavior. They think this is a good thing because they view consequentialism as the more humane approach to punishment. Because they believe that neuroscience will lead us to fundamentally rethink the purposes of the criminal justice system, they end the title of their article with the word “everything,” as in: “For the Law, Neuroscience Changes Nothing and Everything.” So really, in their opinion, neuroscience will change everything.
Greene and Cohen claim to show that we are tacitly incompatibilists with their example of Mr. Puppet. The idea is that Mr. Puppet would not be held responsible for his actions because they were so clearly formed by the scientist. But, they reason, if we aren’t willing to hold Mr. Puppet responsible for behavior that was caused, we should not hold anyone responsible for their behavior. Why? Everyone’s behavior is caused!
We talked about this case for some time. In my opinion, it is the critical part of Greene and Cohen’s argument. We are supposed to think that Mr. Puppet is not responsible and that is supposed to show that we are incompatibilists without fully appreciating it. Without Mr. Puppet, I don’t see that they have another way of showing that people are implicitly incompatibilists.
Zach noted that Greene and Cohen’s point reflects the way we think about addiction. We blame the brain for the addict’s behavior rather than the person. Greene and Cohen think that neuroscience will move us to talking this way about everything people do.
Sneha pointed out that Greene and Cohen assume that neuroscience will be able to reduce nearly all human behavior to physical causes. It’s not at all clear that this is what is going to happen.
Riley said that one consequence of abandoning responsibility and punishment is that we might take preventive measures. If we don’t think guilt is very important in determining whether the law can interfere with you and we do think criminal behavior is determined in a predictable way, you can see why it would work out like that.
Isha had a dim view of whether a consequentialist approach will be more humane in practice. She thinks that class distinctions will result in some people being treated as hopeless criminals (the poor) and others (the rich) being treated for illnesses.
Zach wondered about what it would mean to say that no one is responsible for their behavior.