Professor Brown will present a slide deck giving an overview of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-first Century. Here are the basics.
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834), David Ricardo (1772-1823), and Karl Marx (1818-1883) all used economic theorizing to make predictions about the broad course of society. While theoretically elegant, none of their theories was backed by decent empirical evidence. By contrast, Simon Kuznets (1901-1985) had terrific data. But his data covered a period in history when inequality was abnormally low.
Piketty has the same theoretical ambitions as Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx. But he has data that is similar in quality to Kuznets’s while exceeding Kuznets’s data in quantity. Kuznets had data on the US for part of the twentieth century. Piketty has data for hundreds of years covering a number of countries. It is the combination of theoretical ambition, stellar data, and the importance of its topic that makes this book so remarkable.
Piketty’s theory is that inequality in the wealthy countries is returning to its historical norms after a period when it was unusually low between World War II and the 1980s. This is certainly interesting. But it isn’t necessarily bad.
Here is why Piketty thinks it matters.
When the rate of return on capital exceeds the rate of growth of output and income, as it did in the nineteenth century and seems quite likely to do again in the twenty-first, capitalism automatically generates arbitrary and unsustainable inequalities that radically undermine the meritocratic values on which democratic societies are based. (Piketty 2014, 1)
There are two questions about this.
First, Piketty’s theory is that the historical rates of inequality happened because the returns to capital exceed the growth of the economy: r > g. But the rise in inequality that we have seen since 1980 is due to wages, not returns on capital. Some people are earning extraordinarily high compensation for their labor; they aren’t getting rich by investing capital. So why think we are going back to historical norms if the cause of inequality in our society is abnormal?
Second, Piketty’s introduction does not really explain what he means by calling inequalities “arbitrary” and “unsustainable.” Nor does he go into what he means by “meritocratic values” or explain why inequality undermines them and democracy. (This isn’t a criticism; there is only so much one can do in an introduction.)