Effective altruism is part of the utilitarian tradition. Like the utilitarians, effective altruists focus on social reform, believe in expanding our responsibilities beyond not harming others, and advocate for a highly rational ethical system modeled on economics.
There are two main effective altruist ideas.
Individuals should seek to do the most good they can; they should “earn to give.” The chief example of this is Matt Wage, who took a job in finance so he could give lots of money to charities.1
We should quantify the effects of efforts to do good. In particular, charities should be ranked according to how much good they do and preference should be given to those that are ranked highest.
In both cases, there is some looseness in what, exactly, is being claimed.
Singer starts by saying that individuals should do “the most good we can,” which is straight utilitarianism. But he backs off of that elsewhere in the piece by saying that we do not have to be saints, you can give special weight to your kids, and so on. MacAskill does not have any specific statement of what indivduals should do.
There is also some slippage between “do what would, in fact, do the most good” and “do what has been shown to produce good.” MacAskill, for instance, thinks that a political career could be the right thing to pursue while Singer focuses more on charitable initiatives whose good results have been documented byw empirical studies,
Some of the criticisms focus on the claims about how individuals should lead their lives. Others are directed at the idea that charities are the means of producing the best results.
The economists, Acemoglu and Deaton, think that charitable giving is, generally speaking, bad. The evidence of its effectiveness is poor. Furthermore, the money props up bad governments, impeding the political reforms that, they maintain, would truly address the problems that the charities are concerned with.
Acemoglu’s analogy with vigilantes replacing a police force illustrates his point of view pretty nicely, I think.
Deaton adds that the most effective groups working on development projects are the governmental ones like the World Bank and USAID rather than the non-governmental charities that the effective altruists would give to. I can hear MacAskill saying “so effective altruists should go work for the World Bank!” or “give money to politicians who will fund USAID.” Is that an effective answer?
Gabriel and Tumber are more concerned with the utilitarian roots of effective altruism. Gabriel says that interventions that produce the most measurable good may not be the ones that serve those most in need. If, for instance, it is very expensive to address the neediest, then charities that try to do so will score lower than charities that produce significant gains for those who are already better off. Gabriel is more of a Rawlsian than a utilitarian, in other words.
Gabriel is also concerned that in their efforts to do quantifiable good, the effective altruists will ignore what he regards as more important values, such as respecting rights.
Tumber thinks that working to give involves “deskilling” and “degrading” people like Wage. I’m not sure what she means by either term except that I’m pretty sure she thinks it is bad to work in the financial industry. Still, you can see what someone might be worried about here. Someone who follows their advice will spend most of their time doing one thing, like working at a high paying job, while thinking that something entirely different, namely helping others, is what is really important. I can see how this could leave people alienated from their life’s work.
Prof. Brown had a great line about this. She said that sometimes the effective altruists come off as though they think that Dworkin’s case of people who are enslaved by their talents is a good thing. That is a nice way of making the point.
In a nutshell, the studies suggesting interventions by charities are effective are rarely replicated and so the interventions are quite unlikely to work on a large scale.
Last year, Eva Vivalt of the Australian National University wrote a paper analyzing the results of international development programs like microloans, deworming, cash transfers, and so forth. … There are two things to notice. First, there’s not a lot of clustering. For nearly all these programs, the results are pretty widely dispersed. Second, where there is clustering, it’s right around zero, where the results are the least meaningful.
I hear Angus Deaton saying “I told you so.” OK, I don’t really hear that. But you know what I mean.
One of Singer’s more effective points, in my opinion, is the Batkid example. If you want to help people, shutting down San Francisco so a child with cancer can pretend to be Batman is not really the most efficient use of your money. It feels good but, Singer says, it is kind of stupid.
He has a point. At the same time, I thought Andrew had a pretty good response. Namely, it is OK for communities to have festivals or celebrations and there is nothing wrong with organizing one around a kid with cancer. More generally, we could run the same argument about efficient spending against parades, holidays, vacations, … you name it. Efficiency isn’t everything and Singer is being more than a bit of a killjoy here.
In that vein, you may be interested to know that Miles Scott, also known as Batkid, recovered and plays catcher for his high school baseball team. He wears all black and his teammates cheer him on with “Batkid!” Here is some evidence to confirm Andrew’s point.
Thousands of people descended on San Francisco to cheer Miles on. He earned a key to the city. The San Francisco Chronicle published a special edition of its daily newspaper to mark the occasion. Then-U.S. President Barack Obama sent Miles words of encouragement via a video message on social media.
“The feeling was palpable; you could just feel the positiveness and how the community came together,” said Miles’ mom, Natalie Scott. “People flew in from everywhere and it just gave everyone some sense of peace almost.”
You can’t take that super literally. The people close to Miles, like his Mom, surely felt that the whole community came together. Did the whole community feel that way? Well, probably not. But a lot of people were involved and they came out of it feeling happy about it. So I’ll count it.